Tools for Conviviality - by Ivan Ilich

Tools for Conviviality by Ivan Illich, an influential critique of industrial society, argues for "convivial tools"—accessible, user-controlled technologies that foster autonomy, creativity, and social interdependence rather than dependency and manipulation. Illich contrasts these with "radical monopolies" like large-scale institutions (e.g., schools, hospitals) that limit personal freedom, proposing a post-industrial framework where tools empower individuals to shape their environment ethically and equitably.