Bernal Díaz
Spanish conquistador; author of The True History of the Conquest of New Spain; firsthand account of the conquest of Mexico.
John Scotus Eriugena
Irish philosopher and theologian; author of Periphyseon (On the Division of Nature).
Plotinus
Neoplatonist philosopher; founder of Neoplatonism; author of the Enneads (compiled by Porphyry).
Saint Basil of Caesarea
Greek bishop and theologian; one of the Cappadocian Fathers; developed Christian monasticism and theology.
Nicolò Barbaro
Venetian surgeon and diarist; wrote an eyewitness account of the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Jean Racine
French dramatist; master of French classical tragedy; author of Phèdre, Andromaque, and Britannicus.
Vitsentzos Kornaros
Cretan poet; author of Erotokritos, a romance written in Cretan dialect; masterpiece of early modern Greek literature.
Longinus
Author attributed to On the Sublime (authorship disputed); key work of ancient literary criticism.
Ibn Tufayl
Andalusian Muslim polymath; author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a philosophical novel about a self-taught man isolated on an island.
Peter Abelard
French philosopher and theologian; author of Sic et Non; pioneering medieval logician; known for his tragic romance with Héloïse.
Amitav Ghosh
Indian writer and novelist. Known for his works exploring themes of colonialism, migration, and the environment. Notable works include "The Hungry Tid...
Maurice
Byzantine Emperor and author; wrote Strategikon, a military treatise on tactics, organization, and strategy.
Peter Lombard
Italian theologian and bishop; author of the Sentences, the standard theological textbook of medieval universities.
Xenophon
Ancient Greek historian and philosopher; student of Socrates; author of Anabasis and Memorabilia; chronicled Greek history and philosophy.
Daniel Defoe
English novelist, journalist, and spy; author of Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders; pioneer of the English novel.
Isidore of Seville
Archbishop of Seville; author of Etymologiae; encyclopedic compiler bridging classical and medieval learning.
Pseudo-Aristotle
Anonymous ancient authors whose works were attributed to Aristotle; includes physiognomic, alchemical, and magical texts.
John of Salisbury
Medieval English author and bishop; humanist scholar; author of Policraticus, a major work of political philosophy.
Étienne de La Boétie
French judge, writer, and political philosopher; author of Discourse on Voluntary Servitude; close friend of Montaigne.
Shantideva
Indian Buddhist monk and scholar; author of The Way of the Bodhisattva, influential text on Mahayana Buddhist ethics and practice.
Clement of Alexandria
Christian theologian and Greek philosopher; author of Protrepticus and Paedagogus; attempted to synthesize Greek philosophy with Christian doctrine.
Cao Xueqin
Chinese novelist; author of Dream of the Red Chamber, one of China's Four Great Classical Novels; masterpiece of Chinese literature depicting aristocr...
Miyamoto Musashi
Japanese swordsman and philosopher; author of The Book of Five Rings, a classic text on martial arts and strategy.
Sallust
Roman historian and politician; author of The Conspiracy of Catiline and The Jugurthine War; known for terse, dramatic style.
Eunapius
Greek sophist and historian; wrote Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists; chronicled late Roman intellectual and religious life.
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